BASKETBALL
HISTORY:
The game
was created by Dr. James Naismith in 1891.The first game was played at the
International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, on January
20, 1892. The first ball used was a soccer ball and in 1894, a special
basketball was invented. By 1900, players started to bounce the ball. The first
goals used were peach baskets. The baskets were 15 inches in diameter across
the opening and about 15 inches deep. As the game developed and became more
firmly established, A.G. Spalding & Bros. placed on the market a basket
which, when a dangling string was pulled, released the ball. When the game of basketball first started,
there were only 13 rules.
Dead Ball Occurs:
-a goal is
made.
-a
violation occurs
-a foul
occurs
The ball
does not become a dead ball if a foul occurs during an attempt at a goal.
Control:
A player
has control if holding or dribbling a live ball. A team is in control if one of
its members has control or the ball is being passed between them. Team control ends
with a goal, a dead ball or loss of possession to the opponent.
Ball out of Bounds:
The ball is out of play when it touches any person or object on
or beyond the boundary lines, including the rear of the backboard or its
supports.
Equipment:
The Ball:
The ball is round with a circumference of 29 1/2 to 30 1/4 inches.
The Basket
and Backboard: The baskets are suspended 10 feet above the
floor at the end lines of each court.
The
dimensions of the rectangular court measure a maximum of 94 ft. long and 50 ft.
wide, and the minimum is 74 feet by 42 feet.
TERMS RELATED TO THE PLAYING
COURT:
1.
Backcourt- The half of the court which
includes the basket a team is defending.
2.
Baselines- Runs the width of the
rectangular court and joins the sidelines to form the court.
3.
Free-Throw Lane- The area under the basket
extending from the end lines to the circular area some nineteen to twenty feet
away.
4.
Free-Throw Line- The line dividing the free
throw circle in half and parallel to the end lines.
5.
Frontcourt-That half of the court which
includes the basket a team is shooting towards for goals.
6.
Hoop- The basket.
1.
Key-The entire free throw area, including
the foul line, the top of the foul circle
and the free throw lane.
2.
Half-Court- The centerline that separates
the frontcourt from the backcourt.
3.
Offensive Board-The backboard or goal that
a team is attacking.
THE GAME:
Each team
is composed of five players. The purpose of the game is to score a larger total
number of points than the opponent. The score is compiled by shooting the ball
through the basket either from the field (called a field goal) or from the
free-throw line(called a free-throw or a foul shot).
A player
in possession of the ball must maintain contact with the floor(pivot
foot),unless the player is shooting, passing or dribbling. The game is divided
into 20-minute halves for colleges and universities, and 8-minute quarters for
high school teams.
Players:
Even
though only five players play at a time, any number of substitutions can be
made at any time during the game. Substitutes must report to the scorer and
wait to be beckoned onto the court by an official.
Timeouts:
Full
timeouts are restricted to three with two 20-sec. timeouts for high school play.
One additional timeout is granted for each team in an overtime game. A full timeout
lasts one minute and can be requested during a dead ball or anytime by the team
in possession of the ball. Time stops each time an official blows the whistle
indicating a dead ball. (violation, foul, out of bounds, jump ball).
Ten-second rule:
A team
that has possession of the ball in its backcourt must move it into its frontcourt
within ten seconds.
Free Throw:
A free
throw is taken after a technical foul or a personal foul on a player in the act
of shooting.
Fouls and Violations:
A
violation is an infraction of the rules, penalized by loss of the ball. A foul
is an infraction involving personal contact with an opponent or unsportsmanlike
conduct which is recorded against the offender and may be penalized by a free throw
at the basket. A technical foul is awarded for delay of game,
unsportsmanlike
conduct, illegal entry, excessive timeouts. For technical fouls, the offended
team is awarded a free-throw as well as the ball out of bounds.
Interference:
No player
is allowed to touch a basket or its backboard while the ball is in or on the
basket. This is called goaltending.
Personal Fouls:
Blocking
an opponent who is not in possession, holding, personal contact when guarding
from the rear, pushing, charging, tripping and otherwise impeding an opponent
by personal contact are forbidden.
Officiating Calls:
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Floor Hockey
Team
Composition
·
A team consists of 6 players on the floor at one
time
·
Substitutions take place on the fly (without
stopping play)
·
Center
o
This person takes the faceoff’s and tends to
stay in the middle of the floor while being aggressive in both the offensive
and defensive zones
·
Wings
(right and left)
o
These players cover the opposing teams defenders
when in the defensive zone and attempt to score goals when in the offensive
zone
·
Defense
(right and left)
o
These players cover the opposing teams wingers
when in the defensive zone and assist the goalie in not allowing goals to be
scored
·
Goalie
o
This person is the last line of defense. They attempt to stop any and all pucks from
making it to the back of the net. They
can use any part of their body to do this, including their hands. Only the goalie is allowed in the crease (the
immediate area in front of the goalie).
The goalie must stay standing at all times
Strategy
/ Rules
- · The game consists of three periods each being 10 minutes in duration
- · Know where the puck is at all times since play is continuous
- · Keep your head on a swivel so that you can see what is going on with the puck and with your opponents
- · When in possession of the puck, pass to teammates when they are in better positions
- · Passing is much faster than stick handling
- · When passing, aim in front of the target since they should be moving (anticipate where they are going)
- · Both passing and shooting should result in a transfer or weight from the back leg to the front leg
- · The puck can only be advanced by use of the stick or by kicking it (when caught in feet)
- · A ball in the air can be caught, and then set down at the feet. A caught ball cannot be advanced down the court
- · Follow all shots to the net for rebounds
- · Play in a safe manner and maintain control of your body and your stick
- · Players should always attempt to play the puck or stick of the opponent, not the body
- · Defensive players attempt to keep the puck to the outside (away from the goal)
- · Offensive players attempt to center the puck toward the middle for a shot
- · Players should not chase the puck wherever it goes, rather stay in position and work together
- · The three forwards should attempt to be position themselves in a triangle to allow for a more effective attack
- · To start play after a goal or whistle is blown, a faceoff takes place in the center of the gym. The object of the faceoff is for the center to win possession of the puck to one of their teammates. All other players must line up outside of the faceoff circle
Scoring
- · One point is scored each time the puck entirely crosses the goal line
- · The team with the highest score after three periods is the winner
- · When tied, a sudden death overtime is usually played. This means that the first team to score will be declared the winner
- · If still tied after an overtime session, teams can elect to have a shootout (5 players from each team are selected to take a penalty shot on the opposing teams goalie. The team who scores the most goals in the shootout is then declared the winners)
Shooting
- · All shots should be directed towards the net
- · The stick blade must remain below the waist on the backswing and follow through of the shot
- · A shot hitting off a player and going in the goal will result in a goal, unless the puck was deliberately kicked into the net
- · Slap Shot – Illegal in floor hockey. Results when a player brings their stick back and then quickly slaps at the puck while following through high towards the target
- · Snap Shot – Results when a player uses a quick flick of the wrist to throw the puck at the net in an attempt to try and catch the goalie off balance
- · Wrist Shot – Results when a player uses a flick of the wrist to shoot the puck, however the stick never really leaves the floor on the backswing or follow through
Penalties
·
There is no body contact allowed at any time. Result when a player commits a rule
violation. That player must go directly
to the penalty box and sit out for the designated period of time while their
team plays shorthanded (a man down)
o
2 minute minor
o
5 minute major
o
10 minute misconduct
o
Game disqualification
- · Checking – Results when a player runs into an opponent (2 minute minor)
- · High Sticking – Results when a player lifts their stick above the waist (2 minute minor)
- · Holding – Results when a player grabs or holds an opponent’s body or stick (2 minute minor)
- · Hooking – Results when the stick is used to hook/slow down an opponent (2 minute minor)
- · Interference – Results when a player pushes or blocks an opponent with or without the puck (2 minute minor)
- · Roughing – Results when a player is too aggressive (2 minute minor minimum)
- · Slashing – Results when a player uses their stick to hit an opponent’s body or stick (2 minute minor)
- · Tripping – Results when a player uses their body or stick to trip an opponent (2 minute minor)
·
Unsportsmanlike Conduct – Results when a player
uses abusive language and/or gestures directed at an opposing player or
official (2 minute minor, 5 minute major, 10 minute misconduct, or game
disqualification)
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TCHOUKBALL
- Played on a handball court (20X40 meters, or about 66 feet by 132 feet) between two teams of nine players or on a basketball court between teams of six or seven players.
- Two rebound surfaces (which can be used by both teams) are placed at each end of the court, and each one is within a semi-circle line, with a three-meter (9.9 foot) radius, which defines the forbidden zone.
- The team that has possession of the ball has a three-pass limit before being forced to shoot the ball at the rebound surface on either end of the court.
- Members of the other team must place themselves according to where they expect the ball to land, so that they can catch it before it touches the floor.
- During the course of the game, the players of each team are not allowed to interfere with players of the other team: they may not intercept passes, interfere with the movements of the person carrying the ball or his teammates, or stop a defender from positioning himself to catch the ball after the rebound.
ScoringA player scores a point for his team if he bounces the ball off the rebound surface in such a manner that it cannot be caught by an opponent before it touches the floor. A player gives a point to the other team if:
- He misses the rebound surface when he shoots the ball.
- He makes the ball bounce out-of-bounds
- He shoots the ball and it bounces back, touching him.
- He sends the ball into the forbidden zone, before or after it hits the rebound surface.
- He moves while dribbling the ball on the floor or juggling it in the air.
- He takes more than 3 steps on the floor while in possession of the ball.
- He plays using parts of his body below his knees.
- He makes a fourth pass for his team.
- He makes contact with the floor out-of-bounds or in the forbidden zone while holding the ball.
- He drops the ball after it is passed to him.
- He voluntarily, or by error, catches a pass from the other team.
- He catches a ball off of the rebound surface that was shot by one of his teammates.
- He blocks his opponents from moving or stops them from freely passing the ball once they have gained possession.
If the ball hits one of the edges of the rebound surface and the path of the ball is changed, the team may not receive a point. This is a penalty and the game continues from the spot where the ball hit the floor. The ball is given to the team which was defending at the time of the penalty.
In a “bipolar” game (with two rebound surfaces), it is illegal to shoot the ball more than three consecutive times at the same rebound surface.
A player must throw the ball in-bounds from behind the base line, next to the rebound surface. This throw does not count as one of the team’s three passes.
Specials Zones
- In front of each rebound surface is a semi-circle with a three-meter (9.9 ft) radius, which is called the forbidden zone. A player may not be in the forbidden zone unless he has just shot or passed the ball. Either case, the player's feet may not in the forbidden zone if the ball is still in his hands.
- For the team that has possession of the ball: throw the ball off the rebound surface after a maximum of three passes. After the ball hits the surface, the ball must touch the floor outside of the forbidden zone to score a point. If the other team catches the ball before it hits the floor, neither team scores and the game continues.
- For the defensive team: catch the
ball after it has hit the rebound surface and before it touches the floor.
To do this, each team member must constantly place himself according to
the offensive team's passes. It is illegal to intercept the ball or to
interfere with your opponent.
- There are no designed sides (each team may shoot the ball at either rebound).
- It is illegal to intercept a pass from the other team.
- No more than three passes before shot.
- no more than three steps by a player holding the ball.
Team Handball
History
|
Team handball has existed in the
|
The sport was developed in
|
The Game
|
Team handball combines the skills of running,
jumping, catching, and throwing into a fast-moving, exciting game.
Elements of soccer, basketball, hockey, and water polo all can be seen in
team handball. The basic objective of the game is to out-maneuver the
opponent by passing the ball quickly and then throw the ball past the defense
and goalie to score. The rapid continuous play, spectacular leaps and
dives into the air by players attempting to score, and the quick reactions of
the goalie make the game equally enjoyable for spectators as well as players.
|
The
Playing Court
|
 |
All court lines in team handball are
referred to by their measurement in meters. A regulation court is
larger than a basketball court, 20 x 40 meters (6.5' x 131'). The goals
are 2 x 3 meters (6' x 10'). Regulation goals have nets, but in class
we simply use the area marked with white or yellow lines.
|
The most significant line on the court is
the 6 meter line (three-point line) of the goal area. The area is
enclosed by the 6 meter line called the goal area or
"circle". Only the goalie is allowed to stand inside the
goal area. However, an offensive or defensive player may be in the
air over the circle as long as their takeoff was from outside the goal area
line. The player cannot interfere with play in any way after landing in
the goal area and must exit in the shortest route possible. The 9 meter
line, or free throw line, is used for minor penalties in the game. The
7 meter line, or penalty line, is used for major penalties.
|
The Ball
|
The ball used in team handball looks like a
small soccer ball or volleyball and is made of leather. In class, we
use a softer, vinyl-covered foam ball.
|
The
Players
|
Each regulation team has seven players, six
court players and one goalie. (Teams in class may vary in size).
The players may play over the whole court (no offside rule). Players
are designated by the position they play. The following diagram shows a
basic offense and the names of each position.
|
Starting
the Game
|
A regulation game starts with a throw-on
after the official's whistle. A coin is flipped to determine who will
have possession of the ball. The throw-on will restart play after a
goal in a regulation game, but in class the goalkeeper restarts play after a
goal.
|
The Goal
Area
|
Only the goalie is allowed to stand inside
the goal area. If an offensive player is in the circle or on the line,
the ball is given to the opponent and the goal does not count. If the
defensive gains an advantage by being in the circle, a penalty throw is
awarded. A ball inside the goal area belongs to the goalie.
However, the ball is not considered to be in the goal area if it is in the
air.
|
|
Playing
the Ball
|
A player is allowed to run three steps with
the ball or hold it for three seconds. In competition play there is no
limit to dribbling the ball, but in class you are limited to three dribbles
only. We refer to this as
|
Defending
the Opponent
|
A player is allowed to use their body to
obstruct an opponent either with or without the ball. However, using
the arms and legs to push, hold, trip, or hit is not allowed. The
offensive player is not allowed to charge into a defensive player who is in
the proper position (a free throw is awarded).
|
Throw-In
|
In a regulation game, a throw-in is taken
if the ball goes out of bounds on the side line. In class, throw-ins
are unnecessary because everything is considered "in play".
When taking the throw-in, the defense must be three meters (10') away when
the ball is passed in bounds.
|
Referee's
Throw
|
A referee's throw is taken when the players
from both teams infringe the rules at the same time or when the game has been
interrupted with no infringement of the rules and neither team had possession
of the ball. The execution is basically a "jump ball" between
any one player from each team.
|
Penalties
|
A FREE THROW is given for minor infractions
of the rules, similar to a violation in basketball. The free throw is
taken immediately, without the referee handling the ball, from the place
where the violation occurred. The defense must remain 3 meters away.
The thrower must throw or pass the ball within 3 seconds.
|
A PENALTY THROW is given for personal fouls
of a more serious nature. The majority of penalty throws are given when
an offensive player is fouled while shooting. However, a penalty throw
is not awarded unless the referee feels that the offense has a sure chance to
score when fouled. The officials follow the "advantage
rule": if a team fouled against is able to gain the advantage,
play continues without penalty.
|
A SUSPENSION is given for unsportsmanlike
conduct or intentionally repeating personal fouls. A free throw is
awarded for the opposing team and the player is suspended for 2 minutes and
the team must play short (like a "power play" in hockey).
Additional suspension is a disqualification and in class, this results in a
"0" for the day.
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Goalie
Rules
|
|
Principles
of Shooting
|
The best shots in team handball are simple,
directed to an open space and taken on the move.
|
Points
to Remember When Shooting
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